Coupling 'Tabletop' Laser-Plasma Accelerators
February 3, 2016 | LBLEstimated reading time: 7 minutes
Laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) got the nickname “tabletop” because, as shown by the unique BELLA accelerator at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab), they can boost electron beams to multibillion electron-volt energies (GeVs) in a few centimeters—a distance thousands of times shorter than conventional accelerators.
Past those few centimeters, however, the laser pulse weakens and energy gain stalls. LPAs will have to get off the tabletop if they are to rival proposed conventional colliders, such as 30-kilometer-long electron-positron linear colliders or circular proton colliders 100 kilometers in circumference, with electron-volt energies in the trillions (TeVs), not billions. Only by coupling a hundred LPAs in series, each powered by a BELLA-class laser in series, and accelerating a well-shaped beam from one stage to the next, will such high energies be achieved.
“Long before planning began for BELLA, we’d set our sights on staging as the way to achieve energies needed for compact particle colliders, free-electron lasers, and other tools of future science,” says Wim Leemans, Director of Berkeley Lab’s Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division (ATAP) and Director of the BELLA Center. But because of the daunting technical challenges, including maintaining electron beams with dimensions measured in millionths of a meter and laser pulses measured in quadrillionths of a second (femtoseconds), Leemans says, “Lots of people told us we’d never be able to do it.”
In an experiment packed with scientific firsts, Leemans and his BELLA Center colleagues have now demonstrated that a laser pulse can accelerate an electron beam and couple it to a second laser plasma accelerator, where another laser pulse accelerates the beam to higher energy—a fundamental breakthrough in advanced accelerator science. The results are reported in the Feb. 1 issue of Nature.
Stable beams, disposable mirrors
Sven Steinke, lead author of the Nature paper, says that to achieve staging wasn’t about huge energy gains; the challenge was handing off a useful beam. “A billion electron-volts wouldn’t matter,” he says. “What mattered was stability,” an experiment that would work reliably for days at a time and many thousands of laser shots. “You don’t want to spend three-quarters of your day tuning your beam injector, with no time left to do an experiment.”
The solution was to use two different kinds of LPA. The more advanced but more finicky type is a discharge capillary, a block of sapphire with a thin horizontal tube through it. Hydrogen gas fills the tube; a potent electrical discharge ionizes it, separating electrons from their nuclei and forming a plasma. Almost instantly this discharge arc heats the plasma and forms a laser waveguide, a cylindrical channel of thinner plasma in the center; the incoming laser pulse drives through it like a speedboat on water, picking up free electrons in its wake and hurling them forward like a surfer on a following wave.
Another kind of LPA is a jet of supersonic gas a few hundred micrometers in diameter. The laser pulse drills through the gas, simultaneously ionizing it to form a plasma and leaving a wake to accelerate the free electrons.
The gas jet, conceptually simple but still capable of beam energies of over a hundred million electron-volts, was the team’s choice for stage 1, the beam injector. The more powerful discharge capillary, similar to the kind used in BELLA, would be Stage 2.
A critical challenge was how to introduce the second laser pulse, using a mirror, within the few-millimeter space between the two stages. The electron beam would have to pass through a hole in the mirror. The reflected laser pulse would come close behind. Unfortunately, to focus enough power to accelerate the electron beam, the laser focus would have to be so close to the mirror it would blow it to pieces.
“We decided from the beginning of the project that instead of worrying about blowing up the mirror, we’d blow it up with every shot,” says Leemans. They first developed a prototype mirror of water film, he says, “but settled for much more robust VHS tape.”
Video cassette players may be out of fashion, but VHS tape is thin, stretch-resistant, and capable of running for hours at a time. The electron beam pierces the tape virtually untouched. On the opposite side, in the merest fraction of a second before the laser pulse can penetrate the tape, it ionizes the surface to form a dense, perfectly flat plasma: a highly efficient mirror.
Steinke, whose dissertation involved plasma mirrors and who was a postdoc at the Max Born Institute in Berlin before joining the BELLA Center, characterized the mirror system for the staging experiment. Previous plasma mirrors were based on expensive solid optics made for completely different purposes. Steinke and Leemans agree: “This was the first use of a continuous, high-repetition-rate, disposable plasma mirror.”
Page 1 of 2
Suggested Items
Ansys, TSMC Enable a Multiphysics Platform for Optics and Photonics, Addressing Needs of AI, HPC Silicon Systems
04/25/2024 | PRNewswireAnsys announced a collaboration with TSMC on multiphysics software for TSMC's Compact Universal Photonic Engines (COUPE). COUPE is a cutting-edge Silicon Photonics (SiPh) integration system and Co-Packaged Optics platform that mitigates coupling loss while significantly accelerating chip-to-chip and machine-to-machine communication.
T-Global Technology Offers Solutions for Thermal Management Challenges
04/10/2024 | I-Connect007 Editorial TeamJames Hopkins from T-Global discusses the company's focus on thermal management products, including thermal interface materials, heat sinks, and thermal simulation services. He highlights the importance of collaborating with mechanical engineers and addressing challenges in balancing thermal performance and mechanical requirements. Hopkins also mentions the role of thermal simulation in guiding product recommendations and the significance of early collaboration among stakeholders for optimal product outcomes.
The Exploration Company Leverages Ansys to Promote Sustainability in Space
04/05/2024 | ANSYSSpace logistics startup The Exploration Company is advancing sustainable space exploration by leveraging Ansys simulation solutions to develop its modular and reusable space vehicle, Nyx.
Ansys Forms OEM Partnership with SynMatrix to Accelerate RF Filter Design
04/01/2024 | ANSYSAnsys announced a new OEM partnership with SynMatrix to streamline RF filter design workflows for wireless communications applications. SynMatrix develops industry-leading RF filter design and optimization tools that integrate with HFSS electromagnetic simulation.
Altair SimSolid Transforms Simulation for Electronics Industry
03/29/2024 | AltairAltair, a global leader in computational intelligence, announced the upcoming release of Altair SimSolid for electronics, bringing game-changing fast, easy, and precise multi-physics scenario exploration for electronics, from chips, PCBs, and ICs to full system design.